程利英：明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数探 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数探》
　　　　　A Probe on Direction and Figures of Emigration of Seven Guard Stations to the West of Jiayu Pass During the Ming Dynasty
作　　者：程利英
　　　　　程利英(1973 —) , 女, 河南滑县人, 厦门大学人文学院历史系2004 级博士研究生, 研究方向为中国古代经济史。
出　　处：《贵州民族研究》 2005年04期
发表时间：2005-08-01
文　　摘：

由于多种原因,明政府在嘉峪关外设立的七个卫所相继内迁,失去了拱卫西北边疆的作用.在内迁诸卫中,安定、阿端、曲先、罕东无内迁人数统计,沙州卫、赤斤蒙古卫、哈密卫和罕东左卫有内迁人数统计.本文据《明史》、《殊域周咨录》和《边政考》等史料,对明代关西七卫内迁去向和内迁人数进行了探讨.

关键词：明代关西七卫内迁去向内迁人数
正　　文：

关西七卫, 指明朝在嘉峪关外设立的安定、阿端、曲先、罕东、沙州、赤斤蒙古、哈密七卫, 后沙州卫内迁, 在其故地又设罕东左卫。以哈密卫为首的关西七卫是明代边政研究的热点之一, 自上世纪30 年代岑仲勉先生发表《明初曲先、阿端、安定、罕东四卫考 ……

您需要在登录后才能查看全文内容，请您点此登录或者进行新用户注册...>>

简单注册后，即能免费阅读1000多篇长城相关的论文，欢迎您注册为长城小站的用户，参与我们的交流！

参考文献：

参考文献:
[1 ] (清) 张廷玉等1 明史, 卷330 , 西域二•安定卫[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19741
[2 ] (明) 严从简1 殊域周咨录, 卷12 , 西域二•安定卫[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19931
[3 ] (清) 查继佐1 罪惟录, 卷36 , 外国列传•曲先[M] 1 杭州: 浙江古籍出版社, 19861
[4 ] (明) 张　雨1 边政考, 卷9 , 西羌族口•肃州番[M] 1 上海: 上海商务印书馆, 19371
[5 ] (清) 查继佐1 罪惟录, 卷36 , 外国列传•曲先[M] 1 杭州: 浙江古籍出版社, 19861
[6 ] (明) 魏　焕1 皇明九边考, 卷9 , 甘肃镇•边夷考[M] 1 上海: 上海商务印书馆, 19371
[7 ] 桂　萼1 桂文襄公奏疏•进哈密事宜疏•吐鲁番夷情[A ] 1 明经世文编, 卷181 [ Z] 1 北京: 中华书局,
19621
[8 ] (清) 谷应泰1 明史纪事本末, 卷40 , 兴复哈密[M] 1 北京: 中华书局, 19771
(责任编辑: 廖　建)

本文由志愿者：【火箭人 】收集整理上线。
[ 返回 ]

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Omar (2025-05-30 09:22:07)

We looked at how a lot of every ingredient was used to verify it is safe and efficient for
women. We solely recommend dietary supplements that include elements in quantities which would possibly be effective for female customers.
Contemplate a natural anabolic steroid that comes with a transparent record of elements, so you
realize exactly what you’re placing in your body
as you're employed to realize higher muscle. Selecting
a authorized steroid comes right down to which model delivers probably the most advantages you’re looking for, whether or not
it be a testosterone booster or a post-cycle method.
Large Vitamin and Crazy Bulk are the two high brands for safe high-strength legal steroids.
Pure steroids help muscular tissues develop and strengthen through lively ingredients like protein, amino acids, creatine, saponins,
and ecdysterone.
These dietary supplements are designed to help enhance muscle progress and performance,
however they work greatest when mixed with a balanced dietary plan and a consistent exercise
routine. Another effective pairing is combining legal steroids with pre-workout supplements.
The right pre-workout formulation can improve focus, energy, and endurance throughout train, permitting you to get probably the most out of
your training sessions.
D-Bal is a well-liked and highly efficient authorized steroid that offers a
protected and natural alternative to the anabolic steroid Dianabol.
Designed to assist people enhance their muscle progress, strength, and efficiency,
D-Bal has rapidly gained a reputation for being top-of-the-line legal steroids out there
available on the market. Legal steroid options embody natural performance enhancers that use plant-based elements to
imitate the results of anabolic steroids. These alternate options are designed to be protected and effective, offering related benefits without the risks.

With increased awareness of health dangers, extra individuals are turning away from black-market enhancers and toward trusted authorized
steroids for bulking and slicing. This investigative evaluation focuses on Crazy Bulk, a
globally acknowledged complement firm identified for
its range of legal steroid alternate options.

Options containing creatine, caffeine, and beta-alanine are popular for growing endurance, energy,
and overall athletic output. Selecting the right product depends on personal health targets and compatibility together with
your physique. General, D-Bal is undoubtedly top-of-the-line legal steroid alternatives for muscle growth and endurance.
Although not the most highly effective of steroids, Deca is usually
utilized by bodybuilders to reinforce the features from
other bulking steroids.
They are also much safer than conventional anabolic steroids,
which trigger liver toxicity, temper swings, hormone imbalances, and other serious unwanted effects inside simply four weeks of use.
To decrease the chance of unwanted aspect effects, we completely reviewed
the protection of the components in each complement for
women. We solely advocate authorized steroids with
ingredients which are secure when taken as directed by feminine
customers. Legal steroid options can be utilized for any
sort of exercise or sport. Whether you are training for
a marathon or trying to improve your physique,
legal steroid alternatives may help you attain your efficiency goals safely and naturally.
Authorized steroids are a safe, pure way to construct lean muscle without the intense side effects of illegal anabolic steroids.

These potential anti-aging results have led many to suppose HGH
might be useful in slowing down some inevitable declines in collagen manufacturing as we age.
Recovery will be enhanced considerably, whereas tendons, joints,
and ligaments can strengthen, making them less susceptible
to damage and supporting more intensive, heavier
exercises. In Distinction To anabolic steroids and most different PEDs, HGH appeals to folks with little to no interest in bodybuilding and performance.
Some like to make use of it to really feel good and maintain their pores and skin and hair
wanting healthy. In Contrast To traditional steroids, this supplement would not put your health at
risk. As A Substitute, Anadrole encourages the event of lean muscle mass, while
additionally burning fat, and bettering your total power.
It's tough to conduct studies on the long Term corticosteroid use side effects-term unwanted effects due to a
few factors.
This steroid supplement is extremely versatile
and could be stacked with another legal steroids from Big Vitamin,
although it really works particularly properly when paired with arachidonic acid.
This legal steroid could be taken for 4-12 weeks and is usually stacked with different Huge Nutrition supplements for pre-workout power.

Tren-Max not only helps to build lean muscle however to shed cussed fat, which makes
it a fantastic alternative to D-Bal for the one that is working exhausting but not quite where they want to be weight-wise.
Yes, protected steroid dietary supplements such as Anvarol are designed to assist with fats loss with out sacrificing muscle.
Increases nitrogen retention and purple blood cell production to recover faster and construct stronger muscle tissue.
This moreover comes with excessive pump vitality
and faster response to the recovery.
Legal steroids for ladies work by offering the benefits of anabolic steroids whereas minimizing the
dangerous unwanted effects. These supplements are made from natural components and are secure for female use.
They might help women construct muscle, burn fats,
and improve their efficiency within the fitness center.One method authorized steroids work is by increasing protein synthesis in the
physique. This permits for faster muscle progress and restore, leading
to increased energy and endurance. Authorized steroids additionally increase nitrogen retention in the muscle tissue, which may help prevent muscle loss throughout slicing phases.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Bernadette (2025-05-30 08:38:14)

A Quantity Of elements can have an result on whether prednisone is best for
you. For instance, the medicine may work together with different circumstances you could have and different
medications you are taking. Earlier Than taking prednisone, discuss together with your doctor about your health history.
For instance, it’s typically used to deal with hormone problems, such as adrenal insufficiency.

Prednisone treats many various situations such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus,
psoriasis, or respiratory disorders. It’s perfectly regular to be apprehensive or have questions before beginning any
medicine. Don’t be afraid to ask your provider every query
that involves thoughts. They’ll assist you to perceive all the advantages, potential dangers and every little thing else you should know before you start a corticosteroid.
For instance, steroids might prevent the sort of worsening of kidney irritation that may trigger kidney failure in individuals who have
autoimmune ailments like lupus or vasculitis.
They might help these individuals avoid needing kidney dialysis or a transplant.

Ask your care team if changes in food regimen or medicines are needed in case you have diabetes.
The blue steroid remedy card has details of your remedy and how
one can reduce the dangers of unwanted facet
effects. If you should take excessive doses of steroids
you may want to hold a blue steroid remedy card or a red
steroid emergency card. Tezepelumab-ekko (Tezspire) is a recently FDA-approved biologic for people with extreme bronchial asthma.
This medicine can be utilized to treat eosinophilic asthma or allergic bronchial asthma by lowering
certain sorts of cytokines that trigger inflammation. Your immune system is how your body protects itself, so it produces
immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to guard towards this allergen. These antibodies signal your immune system to release
chemicals into your bloodstream, causing a response that results in allergy and asthma signs.

Sturdy topical steroids are usually not used for much longer
than one week to 10 days. This is as a end result of topical steroids can have numerous side-effects.

The energy of topical steroid prescribed depends upon the situation being treated and the way extreme
the condition is.
Other kinds of Plant Based Steroids - Http://Metis.Lti.Cs.Cmu.Edu:8023/Larryrowe46925/Jbhnews.Com1396/-/Issues/1 - include lotions, ointments, injections, inhalers and sprays.
These are mentioned within the separate leaflets referred to as Topical steroids (excluding inhaled steroids), Topical steroids for
eczema and Asthma inhalers. It also is used commonly to treat conditions of
low blood pressure (hypotension) although this is
not a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accredited indication.
To work successfully, they need to be used alongside emollients,
which soothe, protect and moisturise the skin.
For some individuals with eczema, every day use of emollients for moisturising and washing is all that's wanted to maintain their condition beneath
control. Topical steroid lotions, additionally referred to as topical corticosteroids, are one of the commonly prescribed treatments for eczema.
These creams help cut back inflammation and itching, allowing the skin to start
the therapeutic course of. Some of the unwanted aspect effects of systemic corticosteroids are swelling
of the legs, hypertension, headache, simple bruising, facial hair development, diabetes, cataracts,
and puffiness of the face. Topical steroids are efficient therapies for eczema, but like many medicines, they can have unwanted
effects including thinning of the pores and skin.
When used for brief treatment bursts as directed
by a healthcare professional, and utilized to areas of affected skin solely, the risk of side effects is small.

The unique construction of every can make a
distinction in how it capabilities, what it treats, and what the unwanted effects could additionally be.
Notice that only the antifungals which are available topically are
listed here. Fungal infections are brought on by
dermatophytes, yeasts, or molds. Individuals who are allergic to any of
the next should not take prednisone. Facet results will rely upon the power of the steroid and the place it’s used, however it’s
important to note that even OTC steroids may trigger side effects.
A person ought to contact a doctor if they experience intense ache
that lasts longer than forty eight hours after an injection or in the event that they discover other reactions to the injection. A medical skilled attracts the blood, and then a lab uses a centrifuge to separate the parts.

The Nationwide Psoriasis Foundation does not endorse any specific
remedy for psoriatic illness. Using this medication with any of the following medicines could
cause an increased threat of sure unwanted aspect
effects, but using both drugs could additionally be the best remedy for
you. If each medicines are prescribed collectively, your doctor could change the dose or
how often you utilize one or both of the medicines.
Though sure medicines shouldn't be used together at all,
in different circumstances two different medicines may be used together even if an interplay might happen. In these circumstances,
your doctor may need to change the dose, or different precautions
may be necessary. When you're taking this medicine, it's especially essential that your healthcare professional
know if you are taking any of the medicines listed under.

If you’re taking prednisone, it’s necessary to take
it as directed and not cease it suddenly. Abruptly stopping
the medicine can have antagonistic effects. If you could have any questions on the use of prednisone, ask your healthcare supplier.
These bronchodilator (brong-koh-DIE-lay-tur) medications open airways
and cut back swelling for a minimum of 12 hours. They're used
on an everyday schedule to regulate moderate to
extreme bronchial asthma and to prevent nighttime signs.

Though they're effective, they've been linked to severe asthma assaults.
For this reason, LABAs are taken solely together with an inhaled corticosteroid.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Forrest (2025-05-30 04:01:25)

Baseball_s aggressive edge was sharpening, and gamers
sought any advantage to enhance their performance.
A shadow started to creep across the diamond_performance-enhancing medicine
(PEDs) were on the rise, and the Steroid Period was about to start.
Your gamers right now must depend on their raw abilities, very comparable to the legends earlier than them, however with an abundance of information and assets to again them up.
It_s an exciting time _ broadcasts beam globally, and social media connects fans and gamers throughout continents.
Watching a recreation, you can_t help however really feel a half of an ever-expanding neighborhood,
witnessing history_s continual rewrite, with every pitch and every hit.

Young men shaped golf equipment and set the foundation for a sport that mirrored the
changing American society. At the time, industrialization was drawing individuals into cities, and baseball became a pastime that united communities.

It is commonly included in post-cycle remedy for reasons I will cowl below.
It_s not only during PCT that Clomid is beneficial, though, with this
being a medication that's usually utilized during a steroid cycle as
nicely to combat some of the worst unwanted side effects that all of us wish to avoid.
Anavar will worsen testosterone suppression post-cycle, requiring a extra superior PCT compared to a testosterone-only cycle.

If you stop taking prednisone all of a sudden, your physique can_t
make sufficient cortisol instantly to make up for the loss.
The recovery time for the adrenal system is alleged to
range from several weeks to a quantity of years relying on the cumulative dose and period of remedy.
It_s regular to feel some gentle symptoms for
about a week or two as you taper off prednisone.

Don_t take any OTC ache medicine or pharmaceuticals with out asking your doctor first.

Your adrenal glands make a steroid referred to as cortisol that_s just like
prednisone. Tapering helps forestall withdrawal and stop your inflammation from coming back.

When treating gynecomastia, we now have had
success with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), corresponding
to Nolvadex, to prevent breast tissue accumulation. Gynecomastia
is a chance for genetically delicate users as a result of testosterone aromatizing
and subsequently being an estrogenic compound.
Testosterone may cause androgenic-related side effects,
as the Soviet Olympic staff found out, with them having to make use of a catheter to urinate.

From state-of-the-art gear to comprehensive video analysis, today_s players have instruments at their disposal
that old-timers couldn_t even dream of. Clomid
is considered one of the more highly effective PCT choices and is used by people who find themselves doing extra advanced steroids or stacking multiple free steroids For Muscle growth.
If it weren_t, it wouldn_t have remained as in style because it nonetheless is today after a long time of use.
Clomid should be began at a high dosage initially of your PCT, then decreased as you're employed through your post-cycle remedy period.
An instance of a 6-week Clomid remedy is to run Clomid at
100mg for two weeks, then drop to 50mg for 2 weeks, followed
by 25mg for the final two weeks of PCT. Clomid is considered to be a gentle SERM that
is tolerated properly by most men.
Regardless Of combined outcomes in non-COVID-19 pneumonia, the advantage
of steroids in COVID-19 is well-established [3].
Proof is limited, but corticosteroids can present rapid _ if generally short-lived _ relief from pain attributable to tumours in confined areas.
This includes mind and pelvic tumours, kidney and liver capsule ache and in cancer-related neuropathic ache, such as spinal twine or nerve compression. In ureteric colic
caused by tumour-related occlusion, oral dexamethasone 8mg every day might offer aid, with
or with out concurrent NSAIDs.
CRP ranges 2 weeks after VDZ induction could influence the
continuation fee in the VDZ_+_rPSL group. Modifications
in the clinical exercise index (CAI), blood take
a look at results, and the factors affecting VDZ rate and continuity
were investigated. Sufferers who acquired no less than 20 mg PSL inside
1 week of VDZ induction were included within the VDZ_+_speedy PSL
induction (VDZ_+_rPSL) group, and the remaining had been assigned to
the non-VDZ_+_rPSL group.
Some people_s immune techniques might be utterly suppressed
greater than other folks. It_s very dependent on your personal DNA and your immune system before and after.
I think lots of individuals taking prednisone are scared that their immune system is compromised.

Turn Into A Gym BeastWith Authorized SARMs Alternative CrazyBulk_s line of authorized, secure, and natural
SARMs different dietary supplements are crafted to help torch fat, skyrocket testosterone, and enhance muscle growth, energy,
and repair. Nitric-Max is an superior bodybuilding supplement formulated to assist towards
blood flow & oxygen circulation, growing your strength, energy & restoration.
Thus, only skilled steroid customers usually stack Anadrol with other anabolic steroids.

However, our sufferers typically make the most of post-cycle remedy (PCT) to shorten this time,
which also advantages them psychologically, enhancing their well-being.

Endogenous testosterone restoration just isn't assured if an individual abuses the steroid
long-term. It can take as a lot as 7 days for a cortisone injection to start working within the
physique.

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Penny (2025-05-23 03:31:46)

70918248

References:

best Online steroids for sale

[ 编辑 | 删除 ]

�̀�ķ�鈤�ǟπ&# -- [未验证] Gavin (2025-05-03 19:24:50)

Since 2018, our online pharmacy has been often known as a dependable source of high-quality prescribed drugs.
You can verify this for your self by searching for evaluations about
us on any bodybuilding forum. Sarms are an excellent different to sarms vs
steroids since sarms unwanted effects are very minimal when taken correctly on the proper dosage.

They Carry the best variety of SARMS products similar to Ostarine MK2866, Ligandrol LGD 4033
and heaps of more. The prime sarms brand out there in Canada is Savage Line Labs, They are pure merchandise that carry a prime quality guarantee.

At OrderSteroids.ca, we solely stock the very best high quality merchandise that
have gone via rigorous testing.
This means increased weights, more reps, and larger capability to work out properly past
your regular stage. Trenbolone is certainly one of the most talked about steroids, and
lots of customers won’t shrink back from sharing their very own experiences and outcomes with this steroid.
Not all critiques are optimistic, though; simply as many guys are speaking about their
unfavorable experiences utilizing Tren as these sharing stunning pictures of their outcomes.

Virtually all of these legal steroids are safer and higher than anabolic steroids.
Nevertheless, you should know the elements,
the popularity of the corporate, and the
working mechanism earlier than selecting one.
Many athletes and bodybuilders use steroids to
boost their power and performance. This can lead to simpler workouts and the ability to carry
heavier weights. Sufficient PCT will help your physique in returning
to its normal hormonal ranges and maintain the muscle mass and strength you have
acquired. Throughout PCT, you also needs to remain attentive to your physique's response and regulate
your PCT plan as necessary under professional guidance.
Post-recovery, sustaining a healthy way of life and food plan, regular
train, and correct relaxation are essential to preserving your condition and making ready for any future cycles.

"In some elements of the UK there are correct centres providing assist and remedy for steroid customers however they're few and much between," said Professor Iversen. As A Substitute the ACMD is looking for a ban on the sale of steroids from the lots of of overseas web sites which intentionally target British users and ship packets of drugs directly to the UK.
Security should at all times be paramount when incorporating Dianabol into your routine.
Here, we offer an in depth guide on dosage recommendations and cycle length to optimize efficacy
whereas minimizing adverse results. Absolutely, at Purchase
Steroids Canada, we solely stock the highest high quality merchandise that have
gone by way of rigorous testing. We should solely use it for a specific function – for competitions or probably
the most hardcore of bodybuilders- as soon as we’ve intensive expertise with different AAS.
Trenbolone enanthate is no longer approved for use and is
just discovered on the black market.
Our buyer specialists are available online and reply to your inquiries with the utmost
care and pace. At BioMed, we take the security of our customers very critically and put the utmost priority on privacy.

SSL connections in addition to anti-spoofing measures make
positive that all info communicated to and from BioMed is encrypted and totally safe.
Professor Iversen mentioned there are no plans to suggest a change in its legal status as doing
so would danger criminalising thousands of young people unnecessarily.

"The real progress has are available younger customers who need to enhance their body picture."
Although the unwanted facet effects of Dbol are generally mild and
could be avoided, not being conscious of the potential secondary effects of the steroid
could lead to unwelcome surprises. Steroid laws has evolved significantly to
extend management over anabolic substances, shaping how they are regulated right
now.
A well-balanced nutrition plan contains a combine of lean proteins, wholesome
fats, and complicated carbohydrates to gas your physique and increase your energy levels.
Do Not neglect to incorporate a good-quality multivitamin in your supplement stack.
One Other effective pairing is combining legal steroids with
pre-workout supplements. The right pre-workout formulation can enhance focus, power, and endurance throughout train,
permitting you to get probably the most out of your training sessions.
Look for components like caffeine, beta-alanine, and creatine when deciding on your pre-workout
supplement to ensure an efficient boost in your efficiency.
When considering where to buy steroids which would possibly be legal,
think about the potential dangers of scams and low-quality merchandise.

This is a versatile steroid that's helpful for a spread of
objectives however, not surprisingly, is prized for its
mass-gaining advantages and the very fact you can acquire mass with out fluid retention. Tren Hex
or Parabolan comes with a number of additional benefits, that are outlined under.
Masteron is amongst the greatest compounds to stack Tren with, a potent recomposition combination. They have a popularity for stacking nicely collectively, and as Masteron is a reasonably gentle steroid, your
aspect effect threat profile is not going to rise considerably.
Trenbolone may be very efficient as a sole steroid,
and even very advanced users will nonetheless select to not stack it with different compounds merely due to Tren’s immense
power.
Hi-Tech Prescription Drugs has brought out a supplement that might be right up your alley.
Introducing Dianabol (Dbol), a muscle and strength supplement that accommodates each anabolic and anti-proteolytic compounds.
Anabolic steroids could contain some testosterone or embrace chemical parts designed to behave like
androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS)—synthetic derivatives of testosterone.
D-Bulk also follows the working of Dianabol, a well-known anabolic steroid that is unlawful and banned.
However, you will get D-Bulk with no prescription and with out illegalities, and
you'll take pleasure in the identical advantages, together with muscle bulking, stamina
constructing, and intense exercises at the gym.
For shorter-acting steroids, PCT might begin inside a couple of days, whereas longer-acting ones may require a delay of as much as
two weeks. If you are looking to purchase legal steroid options, the online market presents quite so
much of retailers to choose from. Taking these precautionary
measures goes a long way in making certain that you get pleasure from the benefits of legal steroids without compromising your safety.

Secondly, Trenbolone isn't a steroid that you can or should simply come off and do
a quick PCT and suppose you’re done. Except you’re ready to
cruise on Testosterone or do longer-term TRT, rethink utilizing Trenbolone.
One of the most effective methods to do that is to devour excessive
quantities of foods containing omega-3 fatty acids,
which assist with ldl cholesterol control – oily fish
is a main source.

References:

Anabolic Steroid Use May Cause All Of The Following Side Effects Except

　留言总数5帖　页次:1/1　每页:20条　

图书信息